爱斯基摩人（Eskimo）了
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北极地区的土著民族。自称因纽特人，分布在从西伯利亚、阿拉斯加到格陵兰的北极圈内外。分别居住在格陵兰、美国、加拿大和俄罗斯。属蒙古人种北极类型。先后创制了用拉丁字母和斯拉夫字母拼写的文字。多信万物有灵和萨满教，部分信基督教新教和天主教。社会以地域集团为单位。首领多为萨满，行一夫一妻制。住房有石屋、木屋和雪屋。房屋一半陷入地下，门道极低。一般养狗，用以拉雪橇。主要从事陆地或海上狩猎，辅以捕鱼和驯鹿。以猎物为主要生活来源：以肉为食，毛皮做衣物，油脂用于照明和烹饪，骨牙作工具和武器。男子狩猎和建屋，妇女制皮和缝纫。已使用现代渔猎工具，并乘汽艇从事海上狩猎，亦从事毛皮贸易。日益受到白人文化影响，在格陵兰地区已有80％的人移居小城镇；出现贫富分化，美国爱斯基摩人已有个别资本家。 何h以
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从白令海峡到阿拉斯加、加拿大北部，经格陵兰岛一带，在北极圈生活的蒙古人种的一个集团。在身体上，文化上都适应于北极地区的生活。面部宽大，颊骨显著突出，眼角皱襞发达，四肢短，躯干大，不仅有这种形态，而且生理上也适应寒冷。但是外鼻比较突出，上、下颚骨强有力地横张着，因头盖正中线像龙骨一样突起，所以面部模样呈五角形。由于克服极端的环境生活，在人类学上引起注意。B小不日
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北极地区的土著民族，自称因纽特人，分布们在从西伯利亚、阿拉斯加到格陵兰的北极圈f和t内外。总人口约13万(2000)，分别居住在格陵兰自(5.3万)、美国的阿拉斯加(4.1万)、加拿大北部(s3.4万)和俄罗斯白令海峡一侧(约2千)。属蒙古l人种北极类型。先后创制了用拉丁字母和斯拉夫字母拼写的文字。多信万物有灵和萨满教。社会以地域集团为单位。首领多为萨满 C来，行一夫一妻制。一般养狗，用以拉雪橇。主要从事陆地或海上狩猎，辅以捕鱼和驯鹿 北美枫1。以花猎物为主要生活来源：以肉为食，毛皮做衣物，油脂用于照明和烹饪，骨牙作工具和武器。男子狩猎和建屋，妇女制皮和缝纫。 上
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爱斯基摩是一个民族.不同地区的爱斯基摩人对自己有不同的称呼。美国阿拉斯加地区的爱斯基摩人称自己为“因纽皮特人”，加拿大的爱斯基摩人称自己为“因纽特人”，格陵兰岛的爱斯基摩人称自己为“卡拉特里特”，意思都是“人”。爱斯基摩人认为“人”是生命王国里至高无上的代表。 天以
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狩猎是爱斯基摩人的传统生活方式。或者说 北美枫自，在北极地区狩猎是爱斯基摩人的“特权”中。他们世世代代以狩猎为主。在格陵兰北部12h，他们在冬夏之交了以国猎取海豹，6～8月以打鸟和捕鱼为主，9月猎捕驯鹿。而在阿拉斯加北端，全年以狩猎海m花s豹为主，8在u并在冬夏之交 rv猎取驯鹿，4～5来月捕鲸。 的
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不同季节、不同地区，爱斯基摩人采用不同的方法猎取海豹。 j l4
夏季，爱斯基摩猎人划着单人皮划艇，带上 北美枫人海豹叉或带刺梭标、网、绳子等工具来到海花豹经常出没的海面寻找猎物。猎人静静地划国着双奖，不停地搜索海面。爱斯基摩猎人从 北美枫天小练就一副好眼力，能看见100～200米远处嬉北美文学网戏的海豹。一旦 6a发现猎物，猎人便尽快悄悄接近目标。等到e靠近时，猎人迅速拿起鱼叉使劲投向海豹。日动作要快，投掷要准确，否则海豹瞬间便会s潜入水中逃之夭夭。被叉到的海豹同样也会潜入水中，甚至会把船拖翻。因为即使后面北美文学网拖着条船，海豹也能游得跟平时一样快，所以猎手必须用网迅速拖住海豹，直到其最后精疲力尽。这时猎人再接近猎物，杀死它，f8时把它拴在船边。然后全面检查一下船上设施何of，继续寻找下一上个猎物。如果运气好，一个猎手一天能猎到二三只海豹。不走运的就只能空手而归了。 我m要人月e
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到冬季时，海面冰封，爱斯基摩人就采用另n和c一种方法猎海豹。海豹属于哺乳类动物，虽然生活在大海 C国中，但却靠肺呼吸，所以必须经常不断地浮 66到海如面呼吸空气，然后再潜入水中。海豹每吸一次气，可在水下呆7 d花～9分钟，最长可在水中呆20分钟左右。如果l超过这个时间，它们就会窒息而死。由于北n极地区冬季海面结冰，海豹无法在冰下找到 北美枫在换气的地方，它们就由下而上把冰层凿出一1i个个洞，作为呼吸孔。爱斯基摩人就是通过寻全z山找海豹呼吸孔来猎捕海上豹的。 北美文学网天
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加拿大北极地区冬季时海面封冻的时间长达和几个月，这段时期是爱斯基摩人食物来源最少的艰苦日子。这里的库普爱斯基摩人却有 kq非常高明的寻找海豹方法。他们发动全村的B人都到距海岸几公里的冰面上寻找海豹呼吸孔。在相当大的范围内找到一批呼吸孔后，若干名猎手便同时出发，在每一个呼吸孔旁守候一个人。这样，如果海豹在一个呼吸孔被7吓跑，势必要到另一个呼吸孔吸气。守住一片区域的每一个呼吸孔，海豹就难逃天罗地网了。采用这种方法，总有一两个猎手每天猎到至少一只海豹。直到几星期后，这一地区附近的海豹全部消失，于是村里的人再迁往别处狩猎。 n来
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爱斯基摩人也用拉网的办法捕海豹。找到海豹呼吸孔后，他们在呼吸孔两侧各两米处的地方打一个冰洞，把长4米、宽1米的网布设在两个洞之间的水中。网的两端用绳子拉出冰面，系在打冰洞时堆在旁边的冰块上。网的下端，每隔半米缀上石块，使之下沉保持网的垂直。网的上端要同冰面拉开一段距离，以免网被冻在冰层的底面上。这样捕捉海豹与一般用粘网捕鱼的原理是一样的。爱斯基摩猎人通常是下网后，两三天再凿开冰面收取猎物。 t
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每当春季的阳光开始照耀这片经历漫长寒夜的大地，白昼变得越来越长时，捕海豹的黄金季节就来到了。海豹从冰下爬到冰面上晒太阳，它们躺在呼吸孔旁边，躲在刨出的冰碴后面。晒太阳的海豹对四周环境警惕性很高，一听到动静，马上跳入水中不见踪影。海豹晒太阳的时候，每过一会儿便抬起头，四下巡视一番，看看有没有危险，如果安然无恙，便又低下头享受阳光。 w了 北美枫年
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这种情况下猎人只能一点一点地慢慢接近海豹。接近海豹时，通常猎人在冰面匍匐前进，等海豹抬头时，便一动不动地躺在原地，把自己也装扮成一只睡着的海豹。或者干脆趴在冰上，也抬起头四下张望，模仿海豹的动作。幸运的是，海豹的眼力不太好，难辨真伪。由于冰面上障碍物很少，难以隐蔽，所以猎人有时用白色帆布做成挡板一样的屏障，像盾牌一样遮住自己。趁海豹酣然大睡时，猎人迅速向前跑动，而当海豹抬头观望时，猎人立即原地卧倒，停止不动，好像一堆冰雪。um
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爱斯基摩人是北极土著居民中分布地域最广的民族，其居住地域从亚洲东海岸一直向东延伸到拉布拉多半岛和格陵兰岛，主要集中在北美大陆。通常西方人把爱斯基摩人分为东部爱斯基摩人和西部爱斯基摩人。西部爱斯基摩人指阿留申群岛、阿拉斯加西北部和加拿大西北部麦肯齐三角洲地区讲因纽特语的居民。这些地区的爱斯基摩文化深受相邻地区亚洲和美国印第安人文化的影响。 花l
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东部爱斯基摩人指北美北极地区的中部和东3uz部讲因纽特语的居民。在西方人的眼光中，他们是典型的爱斯基摩人。东部爱斯基摩人 们w的分布面积占整个爱斯基摩人居住范围的 3／全有h4而人口s却只占1／3。由于东部地 一何区的自然资源没有西部的丰富，所以今天西这部地区的爱斯基摩人的物质生活水平和文化D水平都要比东部地区的高一些。爱斯基摩人自居住地分散，地区差异很大，所以文化差异l也很大。当人们不分青红皂白笼统地称之为月爱斯基摩人的时候，并没有意识到这些爱斯基摩人实际上说着不同的语言。当然，这些 们n语言属于同一个语系，即现在所说的爱斯克u兰特语。人们相信这个语系和东亚地区7的某些语言有关系，只是至今还没有x找到足够的证据说明这说一点。t来以在
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“爱斯基摩(Eskimos)” 一词是由印第安人首先叫起来的，即“吃生肉的人”。因为历史上印第安人与爱斯基摩大有矛盾，所以这一名字显然含有贬意。因此，爱斯基摩人并不喜欢这名字，而将自己称为“因纽特( Inuit)”或“因纽皮特( Inupiat)”人，在爱斯基摩语中即“真正的人”之意。 风他
爱斯基摩人都是矮个子、黄皮肤、黑头发，m这样的容貌特征和蒙古人上种相 们春当一致。近年来的基因研究发现，他们更接近西藏人。2 一
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爱斯基摩人是由从亚洲经两次大迁徙进入北极地区的。经历了4000多年的历史。由于气候恶劣，环境严酷，他们基本上是在死亡线上挣扎，能生存繁衍至今，实在是一大奇迹。他们必须面对长达数月乃至半年的黑夜，抵御零下几十摄氏度的严寒和暴风雪，夏天奔忙于汹涌澎湃的大海之中，冬天挣扎于漂移不定的浮冰之上，仅凭一叶轻舟和简单的工具去和地球上最庞大的鲸鱼拼搏，用一根梭标甚至赤手空拳去和陆地上最凶猛的动物之一北极熊较量，一旦打不到猎物，全家人，整个村子，乃至整个部落就会饿死。因此，应该说，在世界民族大家庭中，爱斯基摩人无疑是最强悍、最顽强、最勇敢和最为坚韧不拔的民族。大f
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爱斯基摩人在过去几千年里，他们虽然生活得自由自在，并没有外人来打扰，但其发展变化却也极其缓慢，没有货币，没有商品，没有文字，甚至连金属也极少见，是一种全封闭式的自给自足，一种真正的自然经济，与人类历史上的新石器时代差不多。直到16世纪，西方持枪的狩猎者才发现了他们的存在。于是，毛皮商人、捕鲸者、传教士们接蹬而至，本来冷冷清清的北极，顿时变得热闹非凡，世界各国的报刊也频频出现“爱斯基摩”这个名字。 s要们
这些外来者带来的两种东西曾对爱斯基摩社会产生了深远的影响。一是金钱，这引起了爱斯基摩人价值观念的深刻变化；二是疾病，曾使爱斯基摩人的数量减少了许多。D们
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现在，在树线 (由于寒冷的气候条件，再往北就不可能生长树木了，有人把这条线而不是北极圈作为北极的界限) 以北的当地居民总共还不到10万人，而外来居民却越来越多。生活在阿拉斯加北坡自治区的爱斯基摩人实在是幸运者，因为这里有两个美国最大的油田，他们每年可以从石油公司那里得到一笔相当可观的收入。尽管如此，他们仍然过着自给自足的生活，主要靠打猎为生。有些人即使有了工作，可以有一笔很好的工资收入，但仍然要依靠打猎来解决一家的温饱问题。他们虽然有时也吃熟食，却总觉得生肉吃起来更带劲，既能抗寒，又能充饥。f A
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今非昔比，爱斯基摩人的生活已经相当现代月化了。他们以前住的冰屋伊格鲁 (igloo)早已不 来们复存在，代之以装有下水道和暖气设备的木板房子；用海豹皮做成的小船尤米安克 (Umiak)如也已经进了博物馆，而为水上摩托所代替；s狗拉雪橇已很少使用，狗儿们因此失了业了x，因为人们大部分都用上了汽车；为了抵御国冬天的严寒，兽皮虽然仍必不可少，但外面却罩上了非常漂亮的尼龙布。孩子们可以就近上学，直到高中毕业；大人们在工作之余，也可以坐在家里看看电视，听听 C个收音机。总之，爱斯2基摩人在这几十年的时间里，从相当原始的传统生活一跃而进入了现代文明，其速度之快和变化之大不能不 北美枫0说是小历 生如史上的奇fvf迹。 和
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爱斯基摩人与阿留申人(Aleut)的族源关系最近，两者共同构成北极地区及近北极地区土著居民之主要成分，其范围自格陵兰、阿拉斯加、加拿大以至俄罗斯最东端(西伯利亚)。 的4
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爱斯基摩人自己称呼自己的名字很多，m在不同的方言中称谓各异，如︰因努伊特人(Inuit)、因努皮雅特人(Inupiat)、尤皮克人(Yupik)以及阿鲁提伊特人(Alutiit)等等，其义为「人民fyb」或「真实的人民」。爱斯基摩一名源出蒙n塔格奈语(Montagnais,一种阿尔冈昆语〔Algonquian 北美枫m〕)，自16世纪以来，即由欧洲人及其他民族上用以指称北极居民。此名一度被认为涵义是B「食生肉者」，现今则认为是「雪鞋」。加8个i拿大和格陵兰的北极居民宁愿自称为因努伊特人，而在阿拉斯加地区则仍以爱c斯基摩人这一名称深受当地居民国欢迎。 以要
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现今已知最早的爱斯基摩文化出现于阿留申群岛中乌姆纳克岛(Umnak Island)上的一个地点，据记载，距今大约为3,018±230年左右。20世纪末，估计自认为爱斯基摩人的人数约有11.7万，其中格陵兰和丹麦有51,000人；阿拉斯加有43,000人；加拿大有21,000人；其馀约有1,600人在西伯利亚。 为国
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爱斯基摩人属于亚洲民族，与美洲印第o安人不同之处在于具有更多的亚洲人的特征北美文学网，如手足较短小，此外，还有一些不太明显的区别特征。爱斯基摩人的另一与众不同之z点是ABO血型中的B型人数之比例十分可观，而年l他印第安人中几乎没有B型血型。由于血型是遗传特征中最为稳定的一个因素，现在学者们x多认为，至少有一部分爱斯基摩人同印第安j人族源不同，因而不能像早期n学术界宣称的那样，把爱斯基摩人看作是单纯地另外发展于山iq极北地带的一支印第安民族。此说更可证之于爱斯基摩——阿留申诸语言中因爱斯基摩不人在地理上的广泛分布而存在大量方言这一事实。 lC
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爱斯基摩人的传统文化模式，完全是为适应一种极其寒冷的冰雪覆盖的环境。这种环境几乎没有植物性食品，树木极少，食物来源只靠驯鹿、海豹、海象、鲸等肉类，鲸脂，以及鱼类。爱斯基摩人用鱼叉捕杀海豹时，或在冰上进行攻击，或乘海豹皮船(kayak)进行追捕，海豹皮船是一种外覆兽皮仅供一人乘坐的轻快小舟。他们捕鲸时则乘坐较大的爱斯基摩蒙皮船(umiak)。大多数爱斯基摩人在夏季都全家出动猎捕驯鹿及其他陆生动物，所用器械是弓箭。狗拖雪橇是爱斯基摩人的主要陆上交通工具。爱斯基摩人的衣著以驯鹿毛皮为主，用以抵御极地酷寒气候。住房在冬季有两种︰一种是雪块砌成的圆顶小屋，名为伊格鲁(igloo)；另一种则是半地下的小屋，系以石头或草块铺在木造或鲸骨的骨架上而制成。夏季他们居住在兽皮帐篷之内。爱斯基摩人的基本社会及经济单元是核心家庭，他们的宗教信仰与崇奉泛灵论的风习相似。 要Bp
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到20世纪时，爱斯基摩人因同其南部的山和月诸文明接触频繁，在生活上发生了很大变化自。现在，雪上摩托车大体上 生有已经替代了狗拖雪橇，成为陆上主要交通工以具，同时步枪也用来狩猎，取代了原先的鱼叉。装于船尾的马达，在北美文学网店铺出售的布疋，还有许许多多其他工业品山y年已经进入爱斯基摩人的生活，而爱斯基摩人我一有的传统经济生活中一直毫无所知的「钱」， 来b也已成为一项必需品了。许多爱斯基摩人早x已放弃他们的流动性很大的狩猎行当，而移自入北部的城镇或都市，在矿井及油田工作。 生如另有一部分爱斯基摩人，也已组成合作社以日兜售他们的手工艺品和捕获的鱼类，还有些花人经营是旅游业，这在加拿大尤其普遍。参北美枫uc阅北极区(Arctic)北美文学网条。
Eskimos or esquimaux are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia, across Alaska and Canada, and all of Greenland.f
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There are two main groups referred to as Eskimo: Yupik anod Inuit. A third group, Unangam, is related. The Yupik lang 们了uage dialects and cultures in Alaska and eastern Siberia ha1和eve evolved in place beginning with the original (pre-Dorset5) Eskimo culture that developed in Alaska. Approximately 40日00 years ago the U北美文学网nangam (also known as Aleut) culture became distinctly sepa1为的rate, and evolved into a non-Eskimo culture. Approximately 中1500-2000 years ago, apparently in Northwestern Alaska, two北美文学网 other distinct variations appeared. The Inuit language branch became distinct and in only several hundred years spread across northern Alaska, Canada and into Greenland. At abo2ut the same time, the Thule Technology also developed in no5rthwestern Alaska and very quickly spread over the entire a2rea occupied by Eskimo people, though it was not necessarily adopted by all of them. 人m
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The earliest known Eskimo cultures were Pre-Dorset Technology, which appear to have been a fully developed Eskimo culture that dates at 5000 years ago. They appear to have evolved in Alaska from people using the Archaic Small Tools Technology, who probably had migrated to Alaska from Siberia at least 2 to 3 thousand years earlier; though they might have been in Alaska as far back as 10 to 12 thousand years or more. There are similar artifacts found in Siberia going back to perhaps 18,000 years ago. It is believed that the Mongols of China, Eskimos, and probably the Korean people too all share a common ancestor in northern Asia. g2
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Today the two main groups of Eskimos are the Inuit of northern Alaska, Canada and Greenland, and the Yupik, comprising speakers of four distinct Yupik languages and originating in western Alaska, in South Central Alaska along the Gulf of Alaska coast, and in the Russian Far East.不不
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The Eskimo-Aleut family of languages includes two cognate branches. The Unangam (Aleut) branch and the Eskimo branch. The Eskimo sub-family consists of the Inuit language and Yupik language sub-groups.[1] The Sirenikski language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family, but other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.[1][2] Sirenikski is virtually extinct.[1][2]不m
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Inuit languages comprise a dialect continuum, or dialect chain, that stretches from Unalakleet and Norton Sound in Alaska, across northern Alaska and Canada, and east all the way to Greenland. Speakers of two adjacent Inuit dialects can easily understand one another, but speakers of dialects at the extreme distant ends of the range have significant difficulty. Seward Peninsula dialects in Western Alaska, where much of the Inupiat culture has only been in place for perhaps less than 500 years, are greatly affected by phonological influence from the Yupik languages. Eastern Greenlandic, at the opposite end of the Inuit range has had significant word replacement due to a unique form of ritual name avoidance.[1][2]h一 来了
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The four Yupik languages have existed in place, which probably includes the locations where Eskimo culture and language began, for much longer than the Inuit language. Alutiiq (Sugpiaq), Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Naukan (Naukanski), and Siberian Yupik, are distinct languages with limited mutual intelligibility.[1] Even the dialectic differences within Alutiiq and Central Alaskan Yup'ik sometimes are relatively great for locations that are relatively close geographically.[2]f 来是
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While grammatical structures of Yupik and Inuit languages are similar, they have pronounced differences phonologically and differences of vocabulary between Inuit and any of one of the Yupik languages is greater than between any two Yupik languages.[2]t
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Nomenclature 日为以
See also: Origin of the na北美文学网me Eskimo 说 lc
In Canada and Greenland [3] [4] [5] [6] the term Eskimo is widely held to be pejorative[3][7] and has fallen out of favor, largely supplanted by the term Inuit. However, while Inuit describes all of the Eskimo peoples in Canada and Greenland, that is not true in Alaska and Siberia. In Alaska the term Eskimo is commonly used, because it includes both Yupik and Inupiat, while Inuit is not accepted as a collective term or even specifically used for Inupiat (which technically is Inuit). No universal replacement term for Eskimo, inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik people, is accepted across the geographical area inhabited by the Inuit and Yupik peoples.[4]和上
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The primary reason that Eskimo is considered derogatory is the false[8][9][10][11] perception that it means "eaters of raw meat".[12][7] There are two different etymologies in scientific literature for the term Eskimo. The most well-known comes from Ives Goddard at the Smithsonian Institution , who says it means "Snowshoe netters".[8] Quebec linguist Jose Mailhot, who speaks Innu-Montagnais (which Mailhot and Goddard agree is the language from which the word originated), published a definitive study in 1978 stating that it means "people who speak a different language".[10][11]在i
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Nevertheless, while the word is not inherently pejorative, since the 1970s in Canada and Greenland Eskimo has widely been considered offensive, owing to folklore and derogatory usage. In government usage the term has been replaced with Inuit. The preferred term in Canada's Central Arctic is Inuinnaq,[13] and in the eastern Canadian Arctic Inuit. The language is often called Inuktitut, though other local designations are also used. 国 v
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The Inuit of Greenland refer to themselves as Greenlanders or, in their own language, Kalaallit, and to their language as Greenlandic or Kalaallisut.[4]这wa
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Because of the linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences between Yupik and Inuit peoples there is uncertainty as to the acceptance of any term encompassing all Yupik and Inuit people. There has been some movement to use Inuit, and the Inuit Circumpolar Council, representing a circumpolar population of 150,000 Inuit and Yupik people of Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and Siberia, in its charter defines Inuit for use within the ICC as including "the Inupiat, Yupik (Alaska), Inuit, Inuvialuit (Canada), Kalaallit (Greenland) and Yupik (Russia)."[14] However, even the Inuit people in Alaska refer themselves as Inupiat (the language is Inupiaq) and do not typically use the term Inuit. Thus, in Alaska, Eskimo is in common usage, and is the preferred term when speaking collectively of all Inupiat and Yupik people, or of all Inuit and Yupik people of the world.[4]要
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Alaskans also use the term Alaska Native, which is inclusive of all Eskimo, Aleut and Indian people of Alaska, and is of course exclusive of Inuit or Yupik people originating outside the state. The term Alaska Native has important legal usage in Alaska and the rest of the United States as a result of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971.了如
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The term "Eskimo" is also used world wide in linguistic or ethnographic works to denote the larger branch of Eskimo-Aleut languages, the smaller branch being Aleut.的
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InuitB这
Main article: Inuit 国x
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An Inuit family, c.1917The Inuit inhabit the Arctic and northern Bering Sea coasts of Alaska and Arctic coasts of the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, Labrador, and Greenland. Until fairly recent times, there has been a remarkable homogeneity in the culture throughout this area, which traditionally relied on fish, sea mammals, and land animals for food, heat, light, clothing, tools, and shelter.wj sy
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Alaska's Inupiat个D
Main article: Inupiat不这 1y
The Inupiat people are the Inuit people of Alaska's Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits region, including the Seward Peninsula. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is in the Inupiaq region. Their language is known as Inupiaq. 为0 g
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北美文学网
C北美文学网anada's Inuit北美文学网j
Main article: Inuit 为在
Canadian Inuit live primarily in Nunavut (a territory of Canada), Nunavik (the northern part of Quebec) and in Nunatsiavut (the Inuit settlement region in Labrador).的自
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Inuvialuit了m
Main article: Inuvialuit d天w7
The Inuvialuit live in the western Canadian Arctic region. Their homeland - the Inuvialuit Settlement Region - covers the Arctic Ocean coastline area from the Alaskan border east to Amundsen Gulf and includes the western Canadian Arctic Islands. The land was demarked in 1984 by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.07
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Kalaallit个天
Main article: Kalaallit来 国
The Kalaallit live in Greenland, which is called Kalaallit Nunaat in Kalaallisut.风 g
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Yupik风上
Main article: Yupikf g
The Yupik are indigenous or aboriginal peoples who live along the coast of western Alaska, especially on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta and along the Kuskokwim River (Central Alaskan Yup'ik), in southern Alaska (the Alutiiq) and along the eastern coast of Chukotka in the Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island in western Alaska (the Siberian Yupik). The Yupik economy has traditionally been strongly dominated by the harvest of marine mammals, especially seals, walrus, and whales.[15]7他
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Alutiiq天y
Main article: Alutiiq s8天
The Alutiiq also called Pacific Yupik or Sugpiaq, are a s年ywouthern, coastal branch of Yupik. They are not to be confused with the Aleuts, who live further to the southwest, including along the Aleutian Islands. They traditionally lived a coastal lifestyle, subsisting primarily on ocean resource5s such as salmon, halibut, and whale, as well as rich land resources such as berries and land mammals. Alutiiq people 北美文学网today live in coastal fishing communities, where they work 1j春in all aspects of the modern economy, while also maintaining the cultural value of subsistence. The Alutiiq language i月s relatively close to that spoken by the Yupik in the Bethel, Alaska area, but is considered a distinct language with 生Dtwo major dialects: the Koniag dialect, spoken on the Alask北美文学网a Peninsula and on Kodiak Island, and the Chugach dialect, 2is spoken on the southern Kenai Peninsula and in Prince Wil小liam Sound. Residents of Nanwalek, located on southern part中 of the Kenai Peninsula near Seldovia, speak what they call Sugpiaq and are able to understand those who speak Yupik in eBethel. With a population of approximxately 3,000, and the number of speakers in the mere hundreds, Alutiiq communities are currently in the process of revitalizing their language. 6全这
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Central Alaskan Yup'ik是天
Main article: Central Alaskan Yup'ik春个
Yup'ik, with an apostrophe, denotes the speakers of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, who live in western Alaska and southwestern Alaska from southern Norton Sound to the north side of Bristol Bay, on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and on Nelson Island. The use of the apostrophe in the name Yup'ik denotes a longer pronunciation of the p sound than found in Siberian Yupik. Of all the Alaska Native languages, Central Alaskan Yup'ik has the most speakers, with about 10,000 of a total Yup'ik population of 21,000 still speaking the language. There are five dialects of Central Alaskan Yup'ik, including General Central Yup'ik and the Egegik, Norton Sound, Hooper Bay-Chevak, Nunivak, dialects. In the latter two dialects, both the language and the people are called Cup'ik.[16]他
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Siberian Yupik0
Main article: Siber 有cian Yupik Cm和
Siberian Yupik reside along the Bering Sea coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in Siberia in the Russian Far East[2] and in the villages of Gambell and Savoonga on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska.[17] The Central Siberian Yupik spoken on the Chukchi Peninsula and on St. Lawrence Island is nearly identical. About 1,050 of a total Alaska population of 1,100 Siberian Yupik people in Alaska still speak the language, and it is still the first language of the home for most St. Lawrence Island children. In Siberia, about 300 of a total of 900 Siberian Yupik people still learn the language, though it is no longer learned as a first language by children.[17]天y
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Naukan大 为x
Main article:2 Naukan北美文学网 何
About 70 of 400 Naukan people still speak the Naukanski. The Naukan originate on the Chukot Peninsula in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in Siberia.[2]我r不6
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Sireniki Eskimos 国
Main article: Sireniki Eskimos 生为
Some speakers of Siberian Yupik languages used to speak a very peculiar Eskimo language in the past, before they underwent a language shift. These former speakers of Sireniki Eskimo language inhabited settlements Sireniki, Imtuk, and some small villages stretching to the west from Sireniki along south-eastern coasts of Chukchi Peninsula,[18] they lived in neighborhood with Siberian Yupik and Chukchi peoples. As early as in 1895, Imtuk was already a settlement with mixed population, Sireniki Eskimos and Ungazigmit[19] (the latter belonging to Siberian Yupik). Sireniki Eskimo culture has been influenced by that of Chukchi (witnessed also by folktale motifs[20]), also the language shows Chukchi language influences.[21]他花b
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The above mentioned peculiarities of this (already extinct) Eskimo language amounted to mutual unintelligibility even with its nearest language relatives:[22] in the past, Sireniki Eskimos even had to use the unrelated Chukchi language as a lingua franca for communicating with Siberian Yupik.[21]自上
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Many words are formed from entirely different roots than in Siberian Yupik,[23] but even the grammar has several peculiarities not only among Eskimo languages, but even inside the entire language family, thus, even compared to Aleut. For example, it is the only Eskimo-Aleut language that lacks dual number,[24] even its neighboring Siberian Yupik relatives have dual.[25]了n9B
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Little is known about the origin of this diversity. According to a supposition, the peculiarities of this language may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups,[26][27] being in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries. Influence by Chukchi language is clear.[21]月他
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Because of all these, the mere classification of Sireniki Eskimo language is not settled yet:[28] Sireniki language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of Eskimo (at least, its possibility is mentioned),[28][29][30] but sometimes it is regarded rather as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.[31][32]了 g
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Dialects 来r说qs
Main article: Eskimo-Aleut languages要r
Inuit languages comprise a dialect continuum, or dialect chain, that stretches from Unalaska and Norton Sound in Alaska, across northern Alaska and Canada, and east all the way to Greenland. Changes from western (Inupiaq) to eastern dialects are marked by the dropping of vestigial Yupik-related features, increasing consonant assimilation (e.g., kumlu, meaning "thumb," changes to kuvlu, changes to kublu,[33] changes to kulluk,[33] changes to kulluq[33]), and increased consonant lengthening, and lexical change. Thus, speakers of two adjacent Inuit dialects would usually be able to understand one another, but speakers from dialects distant from each other on the dialect continuum would have difficulty understanding one another.[2]my
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The four Yupik languages, including Alutiiq (Sugpiaq), Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Naukan (Naukanski), and Siberian Yupik are distinct languages with phonological, morphological, and lexical differences, and demonstrating limited mutual intelligibility. Additionally, both Alutiiq Central Yup'ik have considerable dialect diversity. The northernmost Yupik languages — Siberian Yupik and Naukanski Yupik — are linguistically only slightly closer to Inuit than is Alutiiq, which is the southernmost of the Yupik languages. Although the grammatical structures of Yupik and Inuit languages are similar, they have pronounced differences phonologically, and differences of vocabulary between Inuit and any of one of the Yupik languages is greater than between any two Yupik languages.[2]要
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The Sirenikski language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family, but other sources regard it as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.[2]y 何
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An overview of the Eskimo-Aleut languages family is given below:7r
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Aleut 何北美文学网
Aleut language e在
Western-Central dialects: Atkan, Attuan, Unangan, Bering (60-80 speakers) 9月
Eastern dialect: Unalaskan, Pribilof (400 speakers) 日有 s个
Eskimo (Yup'ik, Yuit, and Inuit) u以
Central Alaskan Yup'ik nml(10 生小,00g0 speakers) 7u
Alutiiq or Pacific Gulf2 Yup 北美枫s'的ikc (400 speak了日要ers) 5x
Central Siberian Yupik or Yuit (Chaplinon and St Lawrence在 Island, 1年春小400 speakers) 上
Naukan (70 speakers) 时上
Inuit or Inupik (75,000 speakers) Cf
Iñupiaq (northern Alaska, 3,500 speakers) D
Inuvialuktun or Inuktun (we在stern Canada; 765 speaklers) 大
Inuktitut (eastern Canada; together with Inuktun and Inuinnaqtun, 30,000 speakers) 说来e
Kalaallisut (Greenland, 47,000 speakers) 日风
Sireniki Eskimo language (Sirenikskiy) (extinct) 个he
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See also我大e
Aleut 0
Athabaskan z北美文学网
Chukchi t0
Saqqaq culture cm
Igloo 北美枫0
Eskimo kinship 国了
Shamanism among Eski北美文学网mo peoples
Eskimo words for snow 一大
I2nuit mythology 北美枫c大
Sedna (mythology) 要人天无
Nalukataq -- traditional blanket toss celebrations ewu
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Notes了
^ a b c d e "Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates", Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks Dk
^ a b c d e f g h i j Kaplan, Lawrence. (2001-12-10). "Co4mparative Yeupik and Inuit". Alaska Native Language Center, University Bof Alaska Fairbanks. Retriev国ed on 200j7-04-06. 8中们年人日
^ a b usage note, Inuit, American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000 花来
^ a b c d Kaplan, Lawrence. (2002). "Inuit or Eskimo: Whioch na2mes to use?". Alaska Native Language Center, University of 个y Alaska Fairbanks. Retr国ieved on 2007-04如-06. x
^ Historical Dictionary of the Inuit By Pamela R. Stern d0x
^ Ostgroenland-Hilfe Project x
^ a b自 Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: What Does "Eskimo" Mean In Cree?
^ a b "Eskimo" by Mark Israel g全
^ Goddard, Ives (1984). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5 (Arctic). Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-0160045806. 时 v
^ a b Mailhot, Jose (1978). "L'etymologie de "esquimau" revuew et corrigee". Etudes/Inuit/Studies Vol. 2 (Issue. 2). w一e
^ a b Cree Mailing List Digest November 1997 7人5r
^ Eskimo, Americ和an Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000 6无北美文学网
^ Ohokak, G.; M. Kadlun, B. Harnum. Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary. Kitikmeot Heritage Society. 春 来4
^ Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2006). "Charter." Retrieved on 2007-04-06. k
^ Yupik. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 13, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/eb/article-9078135 sAr
^ Alaska Native Language Cen全ter. (2001-12-07). "Central Alaskan Yup'ik." Alaska Native 日Language Cen这ter, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. 了8们 l们
^ a b Alaska Native Language Center. (2001-12-07). "Siberian Yupik." Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. 大wB
^ Vakhtin 19自98: 162 r在我是
^ Меновщиков 1964: 7 风c
^ Меновщиков 1964: 132 花上
^ a b c Menovshchikov 1990: 70 f个
^ Меновщиков 1 l时964: 6–7 l l大
^ Меновщико们в 1964: 42 中北美文学网
z
^ Мено山无在щ自иков 1964: 38 北美文学网 来e
^ Меновщиков 1964: 81 个全
^ Меновщиков 1962: 11 8nk
^ Меновщиков 1964: 9 北美文学网
^ a b Vakhtin 1998: 161 0c
^ Linguist List's description about Nikolai Vakhtin'和s book: The Old Sirinek Language: Texts, Lexicon, Grammatic山oAal Notes. The author's untransliterated (original) name is D“ 人sН.Б. Вахтин花”. 北美枫4h这
^ Языки эскимосов (Russian). ICC Chukotka. Inuit Circumpolar Council. 国hn
^ Ethnologue Report for Eskimo-Aleut 风说hj
^ Kaplan 1990他: 136 3vj
^ a b c thumb. Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. y 国
4
References d64
Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1990). "The Langua 生大ge of the Alaskan Inuit", in Dirmid R. F. Collis: Arctic Languages. An Awakening (pdf), Vendôme: UNESCzO, 131–158. ISBN 921大3-3-102661-5. 北美文学网f
Menovshchikov, Georgy (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1990). "Contemporary Studies of the Eskimo-Aleut Languages and Dialects: A Progress Report", in Dirmid R. F. Collis: Arctic Languages. An Awakening (pdf), Vendôme: UNESCO, 69–76. ISBN 92-3-102661-5. 不b风
Vakhtin, Nikolai (1998). "Endangered Languages in Northea们st Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka"f上山, in Erich Kasten: Bicultural Education in the North: Ways Dof Preserving and Enhancing Indigenous Peoples’ Languages and Traditional Knowledge (pdf), Münster: Waxmann Verlag,日 159–173. ISBN d在 9 北美枫无78-3-89325-651-8. 们j不在
来北美枫
Cyrillic4我x
Меновщиков, Г. А. (1964). Язык сире山c来икских эскимосов. Фонетика, оче kAк морфологии, тексты и словарь. 年和9Москва • Ленинград,: Академия Н北美文学网ук СССР. Институт языкознания. The t以ransliteration of author's name, andl the rendering of title in English: Menovshchikov, G. A. (19964). Language of Sireniki Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary. Mos d以cow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.北美文学网
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